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E que Deus nos abençoe em nossa tarde de estudos, Severinos...

3º Simuladão Clio 2016, 2ª Etapa...

Text 1

1. The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been
2. forcing itself upon the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat
3. painful position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not
4. taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a crime. Opinions on such a
5. subject as war are the outcome of feeling rather than of thought: give a man's emotional
6. temperament, his convictions both on war in general, and only particular war which may occur during
7. his lifetime, can be predicted with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to
8. convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical questions are feelings; all
9. that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it is such clarifying
10. and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to attempt in the present article.
11. The question of the rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally considered from a juridical or quasi-juridical
12. standpoint: so and so broke such and such a treaty, crossed such and such a frontier,
13. committed such and such technically unfriendly acts, and therefore by the rules it is permissible to kill as
14. many of his nation as moderns armaments render possible, There is a certain unreality, a certain lack
15. of imaginative grasp about this way of viewing matters. It has the advantage, always dearly prized by
16. lazy men, of substituting a formula, at once ambiguous and easily applied, for the vital realization of
17. the consequences of acts. The juridical point of view is in fact an illegitimate transference, to the
18. relations of States, of principles properly applicable to the relation of individuals within a State. Within a
19. State, private war is forbidden, and the disputes of private citizens are settled, not by their own force, but
20. by the force of the police, which, being overwhelming, very seldom needs to be explicitly displayed. It
21. is necessary that there should be rules according to whick the police decide who is to be considered in
22. the right in a private dispute. These rules constitute law. The chief gain derived from the law and the
23. police is the abolition of private wars, and this gain is independent of the question whether the law as it
24. stands is the best possible. It is therefore in the public interest that the man who goes against the law
25. should be consideres in the wrong, not because of the excellence of the law, but because of the
26. importance of avoiding the resort to force as between individuals within the State.

http://www.users.drew.edu/~jlenz/br-ethics-f-war.htm
The Ethics of War (1915)
By Bertrand Russell

1. [ADAPTADA] In reference to the text, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E)
1) In this article, Bertrand Russell wishes to derange and obfuscate his own convictions about the ethics of war. (Errado)

• Line 7 "The arguments used will be mere reinforcement to convictions otherwise reached."
• The author does not aim to change his convictions.

2) The author contradicts the extreme Tolstoyan view. (Errado)

• Although the author says, in lines 3-4, that he will not take the Extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a crime, he does not consider war as a needful choice all during the text.
• As a matter of fact, he describes war as a choice made by lazy men. Lines 11-17 "The question of the rights and wrongs of a particular war is generally considered from a juridical or quasi-juridical standpoint: so and so broke such and such a treaty, crossed such and such a frontier, committed such and such tecnically unfriendly acts, and therefore by the rules it is permissible to kill as many of his nation as modern armaments render possible. There is a certain unreality, a certain lack of imaginative grasp about this way of viewing matters. It has the advantage, always dearly prized by lazy men, of substituting a formula, at once ambiguous and easily applied, for the vital realization of the consequences of acts."

2. [ADAPTADA] "Thoughtful" (line 2) could be replaced by foresighted without effecting changes in the meaning and the grammatical correction of the passage. (Certo)

• The question whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself upon the attention of all thoughtful men.
• Thoughtful: ¹a) Given to careful thought; reflective; b) Engrossed in thought. ²Exhibiting of characterized by careful thought. ³Having or showing heed for the well-being or happiness of others and a propensity for anticipating their needs or wishes.
• Foresight: ¹The ability or action of imagining or anticipating what might happen in the future. ²Care in providing for the future.
• In the text, the word thoughtful, in thoughtful men, has the meaning of men who care for future prospections; which can also be infered by the word foresight, in foresighted men.

3. [ADAPTADA] "the vital realization of the consequences of acts" (line 16&17) refers to the awareness of the effects of war. (Certo)

• It has the advantage, always dearly prized by lazy men, of substituting a formula, at once ambiguous and easily applied, for the vital realization of the consequences of acts.
• To realize: ¹To comprehend completely or correctly. ²To bring into reality, make real. ³To make realistic. 4To obtain or achieve, as gain or profit. 5To bring in (a sum) as profit by sale.
• Aware: ¹Having knowledge or discernment of something. ²Attentive and well informed.
• In the context, to realize the consequences of acts means to have the knowledge that, therefore, there would be a war. Thus, the question is correct.

Text 2

1. The Higgs boson (or Higgs particle) is a particle in the
2. Standard Model of Physics. In the 1960s Peter Higgs
3. was the first person to express the idea, and the particle
4. was found in March 2013. It is one of the 17 particles in the
5. Standard Model. The Higgs particle is a boson. Bosons are
6. particles responsible for all physical forces except gravity.
7. Other bosons are the photon, the W and Z bosons, and the
8. gluon. Scientist do not yet know hoe to combine gravity
9. with the Standard Model. It is the quantum excitation ot he
10. Higgs field - a fundamental field od crucial importance to
11. particle physics theory. Unlike other known fields such as
12. the electromagnetic field, the Higgs field takes a non-zero
13. constant value almost everywhere. The question of the
14. Higgs field's existence has been the last unverified part of
15. the Standard Model of particle physics and, according to
16. some, "the central problem in particle physics".
17. It is very difficult to detect the Higgs boson with the
18. equipment and technology we have now. These
19. particles are believed to exist for less than a
20. septillionth of a second. Because the Higgs boson
21. has so much mass (compared to other particles), it
22. takes a lot of energy to create one. The Large Hadron
23. Collider at CERN is the equipment scientists used to
24. find it. The collider has enough energy that it is able to
25. make Higgs boson. When you smash particles
26. together, there is a small chance a Higgs Boson will
27. appear, so the Large Hadron Collider smashed lots of
28. particles together to find it.
29. Higgs bosons obey the conservation of energy law,
30. which states that no energy is created or destroyed,
31. but instead it is transferred. First, the energy starts out
32. in the gauge boson that interacts with the Higgs field.
33. This energy is in the form of kinetic energy as
34. movement. After the gauge boson interacts with the
35. Higgs field, it is slowed down. This slowing reduces
36. the amount of kinetic energy in the gauge boson.
37. However, this energy is not destroyed. Instead, the
38. energy is converted into mass-energy, which is
39. normal mass that comes from energy. The mass
40. created is what we call a Higgs boson. The amount
41. of mass created comes from Einstein's famous
42. equation E=mc², which states tha mass is equal to a
43. largeamount of energy (for example, 1 kg of mass is
44. equivalent to almost 90 quadrillion joules of energy -
45. the same amount of energy used by the entire world
46. in roughly an hour and a quarter in 2008). Since the
47. amount of mass-energy created by the Higgs field is
48. equal to the amount of kinetic-energy that the gauge
49. boson lost by being slowed, energy is conserved.
50. Higgs bosons are used in a variety of science fiction
51. stories. The physicist Leon Lederman called it the
52. "God particle" in 1993. He used this name to get
53. attention and support for experiments do detect the
54. particle. However, most scientists do not like this
55. name, because the particle has nothing to do with any
56. kind of god and the nichname might confuse people.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson

5. [ADAPTADA] The Standard Model of Physics (lines 1 & 2) is a theory that explains what the world is and what holds it together. (Certo)

• The Standard Model of Physics lists 17 particles, like photons, W and Z bosons, gluon and the Higgs boson, which may explain what the world is made of and what holds it together - in spite of the fact that scientists do not yet know how to combine gravity with the Standard Model.

7. [ADAPTADA] In reference to the content of the text, its vocabulary and syntactic structure, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

1) "These particles are believed to exist..." (lines 20 & 21) can be replaced by "It is believed that these particles exist..." (Certo)

• These particles are believed to exist for less than a septillionth of a second.
• These particles are believed to exist means that there are scientific reasons to have the existence of the particles as a true fact. Thus, it is believed that they exist.

2) The use of the phrase "The amount of mass created comes from Einstein's famous equation E=mc²" (lines 42, 43 & 44) has the effect of highlighting the influence of the law of equivalence of energy and mass in the Higgs boson study. (Errado)

• The amount of mass created comes from Einstein's famous equation E=mc², which states that mass is equal to a large amount of energy (for example, 1 kg of mass is equivalent to almost 90 quadrillion joules of energy - the same amount of energy used by the entire world in roughly an hour and a quarter in 2008).
• The use of the phrase does not aim to highlight the law of equivalence of mass and energy, for that had already been done. It aims to emphasize the amount of mass created.

3) By being informed that "...Leon Lederman called the Higgs boson the 'God particle' (lines 53 & 54), the reader learns that he was a sectarian man. (Errado)

• The physicist Leon Lederman called it the "God particle" in 1993.
• Sectarian: ¹Of, relating to, or characteristic of a sect. ²Adhering or confined to the dogmatic limits of a sect or denomination; partisan. ³Narrow-minded; parochial.
• Leon Lederman did not call Higgs boson the "God particle" because he was a sectarian, but to attract attention and support for experiments. Lines 52-54 "He used this name to get attention and support for experiments to detect the particle."

Break a leg!

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